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Quercus is a platinum element. Platinum metals almost completely into elemental state, that highly dispersed in various ores, such as the original platinum mines, copper-nickel sulfide ore, a magnetic iron ore. Platinum group elements co-exist almost without exception, forming a natural alloy. In platinum-containing elemental ores, platinum is usually the main component, while the remaining platinum-based elements are small in content and must be chemically analyzed. Because osmium, iridium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium and platinum are composed of ore, they are extracted from ore residue after platinum platinum found. Among them, besides platinum and palladium, they are not only insoluble in common acids, but also insoluble in aqua regia. Platinum is very soluble in aqua regia and palladium is also soluble in hot nitric acid. All platinum group elements have a strong tendency to form coordination compounds.
Bismuth is a blue-white metal similar to aluminum , which is hard and brittle, has a strong reflective ability, and is particularly soft under heating. The chemical stability of hydrazine is good. It has excellent oxidation resistance and can maintain gloss in the air for a long time. At high temperatures, helium reacts with oxygen to form volatile oxides, increasing its rate of evaporation. However, the ruthenium will be covered with a black oxide film when heated, and the oxide film will disappear when the temperature exceeds 1200 °C.铑 has high corrosion resistance to acid (except concentrated sulfuric acid), aqua regia, and sulfur, chlorine and fluorine. The high temperature strength of the crucible is very good, but the cold plastic processing performance is slightly poor.
First, the discovery of cockroaches
It was discovered in 1803 by the British chemist William Hyde Wollaston. He discovered the pluton soon after discovering palladium. Voltas first dissolves the crude platinum in the aqua regia, then neutralizes the excess acid with caustic soda NaOH, and deposits ammonium chloride-containing platinum and mercury cyanide-containing palladium from the neutralization solution, and then removes the residue. Treat with hydrochloric acid to avoid excessive mercury cyanide. The alcohol-treated residue is a dark red strontium salt and a sodium salt powder which is heated in a hydrogen stream to produce hydrazine.
获得 Obtained from by-products produced from nickel. It can also be found in platinum ore and used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys.
Second, use
The main use of bismuth is as an anti-wear coating and catalyst for high quality scientific instruments. iridium-platinum alloy is used to produce thermocouples, ie type B thermocouple S-type thermocouples. Also used for plating on headlight reflectors, telephone repeaters, pen tips, etc.
The automotive industry is the biggest user. At present, the main use of antimony in the automotive industry is automotive exhaust catalysts. Other industrial sectors that are depleted are glass manufacturing, dental alloy manufacturing, and jewelry products. With the continuous development of fuel cell technology and the gradual maturity of fuel cell vehicle technology, the amount of electricity used in the automotive industry will continue to increase.
Platinum group metals and alloys have many important industrial uses. In the past, the distillation tank was mainly used to produce dilute sulfuric acid by the concentrated lead chamber method. The standard meter and weight were also made of platinum-rhodium alloy. In the middle of the 19th century, Russia had made platinum-ruthenium alloy coins circulating in the market. Currently, the main use of platinum group metals and their alloys is in the manufacture of catalysts. Platinum-rhodium alloys are particularly resistant to molten glass and can be used to make enamels for the production of glass fibers. Platinum rhodium, platinum rhodium, and platinum-palladium alloys have high arc-resistance and are used as electrical contact alloys, which is one of the main uses of platinum. Due to the stable chemical nature of platinum, experimental vessels such as tantalum, electrodes, and resistance wires made of pure platinum, platinum-rhodium alloy or platinum-rhodium alloy are essential for chemical laboratories. Platinum cobalt alloy is a hard magnetic material with high magnetic energy. Platinum and platinum alloys are widely used in the manufacture of rings, cases and pins for a variety of jewellery, especially diamonds. Alloys of platinum or palladium can also be used as dental materials. Platinum, palladium and rhodium can be used as electroplated layers and are commonly used in the electronics industry and in jewelry processing. In recent years, the titanium anode coated with bismuth and platinum replaced the graphite anode in the electrolytic cell, which improved the electrolysis efficiency and prolonged the electrode life. It is an important technical improvement in the chlor-alkali industry and opens up new avenues for industrial use. . Niobium alloy can be used to make nibs and styluses. Palladium alloys are also used in the manufacture of hydrogen purification materials and high temperature brazing solders. Platinum equipment is also used in the chemical industry.
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