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The "Kyoto Protocol" is a milestone in the human action to protect the global environment and prevent global warming. The agreement for the first time provided Annex I countries (developed countries and countries with economies in transition) with legally-binding targets for emission reductions or emission reductions, requiring that their greenhouse gas emissions be generally lower than 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Average reduction of 5.2%. Although the “Kyoto Protocol†does not stipulate that developing countries reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions, China’s carbon dioxide emissions rank second in the world, and greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitrous oxide are among the highest in the world. Under the pattern of change, the emission reduction actions of developed countries will inevitably have a corresponding impact on the economies of developing countries. The heavy polluting industries such as chemical industry, electric power, metallurgy, and iron and steel will need alarm bells.
Chemical production affects global warming
The issue of global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is increasingly attracting the attention of the international community. This global environmental issue has gone beyond the traditional local atmosphere and water pollution. The chemical industry is a large consumer of energy and resources. It not only needs energy as fuel and power, but also needs a lot of high-carbon materials such as oil, natural gas and coal as raw materials for production. In recent years, the production and discharge of waste water, exhaust gas, dust, dust, and solid waste in the chemical industry have occupied a large proportion of the entire industrial system and have attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, energy conservation, environmental protection, and resource conservation are important contents and prerequisites for the sustained, rapid, and healthy development of the petroleum and chemical industries in the future.
The "Kyoto Protocol" clearly stipulates that there are six kinds of greenhouse gases requiring emission reductions, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Since chemical production is a large energy consumer, it not only needs energy as a power source, but also needs fossil energy as a raw material. Currently, the energy used as a raw material accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the chemical industry. Most of the complex reactions and separation processes involved in the production of chemical products require extremely high energy consumption; the chemical industry has many products with high energy consumption, such as chemical fertilizers (synthetic ammonia), caustic soda, calcium carbide, yellow phosphorus, carbon black, ethylene, etc. . Therefore, global warming is closely related to chemical production. In 2002, the total energy consumption of China's chemical raw materials and products industry reached 145 million t of standard coal, which accounted for 18.2% of the total energy consumption of the manufacturing industry and 9.8% of the national total energy consumption; plus petrochemicals In the coking, coking, chemical fiber, pharmaceutical, and plastics and rubber industries, energy consumption has reached 271 million tons of standard coal, which is more than 1/3 of China's total energy consumption and 18% of the country's total energy consumption.
Other non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases also play an important role in the warming effect caused by humans. According to the estimates of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (tPCC) in 2000, the global methane emissions were 298-337 million t and the man-made N2O emissions were 600-690,000 t. The emission of these two types of gases is of great uncertainty and is linked to agricultural production. The relationship with the chemical industry is not very large. The other three types of greenhouse gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), are artificially synthesized to replace Freon for physical foaming and refrigeration processes. The global warming effect of these compounds is not only equivalent to thousands of times or even 20,000 times more than that of the equivalent emission unit of carbon dioxide, but also the length of stay in the atmosphere is long, some up to 50,000 years. These fluorinated compounds were developed and produced for the purpose of protecting the ozone layer and are of vital importance to the national economy and people’s lives. However, as soon as it was put into use, it was controlled and discharged because of the effects of atmospheric warming.
The entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol affects the development of the chemical industry
As a high-energy-consuming industry, the fuels and raw materials used in the chemical industry are basically from fossil fuels, which will generate a large amount of greenhouse gases. At the same time, the unit energy consumption of the main products in the chemical industry is also high. Therefore, the chemical industry has relatively low emission reduction potential. Big. In turn, the impact of emission reductions on the chemical industry is also large, and is mainly concentrated on the impact on the energy use of the industry, which in turn has the greatest impact on energy efficiency.
1. Increased energy efficiency
According to the statistics of the relevant agencies, the energy consumption per million U.S. dollars of GDP at the current exchange rate in 2000 was 1,274 tons of standard coal in China, 2.4 times higher than the world average, and 2% higher than the U.S., EU, Japan, and India respectively. .5x, 4.9x, 8.7x and 0.43x. In 2000, the energy consumption of major products in the eight industries of power, steel, non-ferrous metals, petrochemicals, building materials, chemicals, light industry and textiles was 40% higher than the international advanced level. Taking the production of synthetic ammonia as an example, China is a major producer of synthetic ammonia and ranks first in the world in annual production. However, the gap between the comprehensive energy consumption of the synthetic ammonia industry in China and the advanced level in foreign countries is significant. Developed ammonia production scale in developed countries are all large-scale enterprises (capacity over 300,000 t/a), and ammonia production is dominated by oil and gas. In particular, natural gas is predominant. The energy consumption per ton of ammonia in these countries and regions is generally in the range of 33 to 47 GJ/t. In contrast, China's synthetic ammonia is dominated by medium and small-scale production, with medium and small sizes accounting for 35% and 44%, respectively. The type of raw materials for production is coal-based coke, which accounts for 64%. The average tonal ammonia energy consumption of small and medium-sized enterprises using coal-cokes as raw materials is 68.47GJ, and the energy consumption of medium-sized plants using residual oil as raw materials is about 56GJ. Through comparative analysis, we can see that China's synthetic ammonia industry has a high level of energy consumption and a large potential for energy conservation.
Economic theory tells us that "technology promotion" and "market pull" are two important ways to promote energy technology progress and international energy technology cooperation. The entry into force and implementation of the "Kyoto Protocol" will not only promote the government and enterprises to provide impetus for the development of emission reduction technologies, but also provide a strong pulling force through the international carbon market. The effects of both are obvious. After the entry into force of the "Kyoto Protocol," developed countries in order to achieve the emission reduction targets set by the Protocol, is bound to take corresponding measures in the high energy-consuming industries such as the chemical industry, the main measure of which is to improve its energy use technology and energy efficiency. The improvement of energy efficiency technology will also promote the transfer of related technologies to China. This will not only help China's chemical industry to improve energy efficiency, but also strengthen the research of corresponding domestic technologies to reduce consumption and costs, increase economic efficiency, and improve The purpose of the industry's comprehensive competitiveness. Of course, in the actual operation, the final effect is also influenced by various factors such as the introduction of technology and equipment, the introduction of cost, the support of corresponding policies and measures, the actual domestic production and the degree of demand.
2. Energy substitution
According to the analysis of the International Energy Agency (1EA), the average carbon intensity of energy use in the chemical industry in the world is 19.1 kg/GJ, while the lowest level of carbon intensity is 15.3 kg/GJ. Therefore, energy substitution still has certain potential and can help. Reduce emissions by 10% to 20%. Compared with the energy structure dominated by oil and natural gas in the foreign chemical industry, the energy consumption structure of the chemical industry in China is dominated by coal coke, which accounts for more than 50% of the total energy consumption of the chemical industry. And this situation will not change in the short term, especially for small businesses. This is determined by the domestic resource structure and the potential for energy substitution is not great. A possible energy alternative is to convert synthetic ammonia produced from oil into raw materials instead of natural gas. However, depending on the cost of new construction or retrofit equipment and the price of natural gas in the future, whether there are appropriate incentives in the future may be alternatives. The implementation has an important impact.
3. CO2 recycling
Many processes in chemical production will produce tail gas with high C02 content, which can realize the reuse of C02. The typical one is the removal and re-use of C02 in the production process of synthetic ammonia (in fact, part of C02 has been recovered in the production of synthetic ammonia). For the production of chemical products such as chemical fertilizers or dry ice, and the reuse of CO2 from the calcination of soda ash in the alkali industry, this will not only reduce CO2 emissions, but also bring about good economic benefits. One of the main constraints now is the lack of advanced CO2, recycling technology, or insufficient research on corresponding technologies; the other is that recycling costs are too high to enable industrialization, which also depends on further research to solve.
4. Promote resource conservation and recycling
In the chemical industry, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are both important energy sources and basic raw materials. China has a vast territory and abundant resources. However, the per capita possession of fossil resources is very low. Per capita oil reserves are only 1/8 of the world average, and natural gas is only 1/25. Only the coal per capita reserves are close to the world standard.
The prominent contradiction between supply and demand for oil and natural gas has become one of the bottleneck factors restricting the development of China's chemical industry. Therefore, strengthening the use of chemical products in the conservation and recycling can also play a role in slowing emissions, such as the recycling of glass and plastic products, increase the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduce its release rate. Take the plastics industry as an example. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, about 14 million tons of waste plastics were not recycled every year. The recycling rate was only 25%, and the direct resources were wasted as high as 28 billion yuan per year. Although the effect of recycling is still uncertain, it is certain that climate change will speed up the process.
Combining long-term planning to avoid pollution transfer
China is in the stage of rapid industrialization. Driven by large-scale infrastructure construction and improved living standards of residents, China's raw material production and consumption are developing at an unprecedented scale. This heavy chemical trend means that it will inevitably consume large amounts of energy and resources.
Compared with other industries, chemical products have a large number of categories and a wide range of applications. The pulling power of demand growth also comes from all aspects. According to data from the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, the world's petrochemical giants hurriedly accelerated their entry into China because of the rapid development of China's petroleum and chemical industries. The total market volume in 2003 reached 970.2 billion yuan, which is close to 10% of the total domestic GDP. %; and chemical products have a surprising total demand: In 2003, domestic ethylene demand was 15 million tons, while domestic production was only 6.11 million tons; imported synthetic resin was 19.073 million tons, accounting for 5 of domestic consumption; . 9%; imported synthetic rubber 1.006 million tons, accounting for 45.7% of domestic consumption, imported styrene 2.261 million tons, accounting for 73.9% of domestic consumption. Domestic phosphate fertilizers can only meet 70% of the demand. The number of dyes can only meet 50% of the demand of the textile industry. The number of pesticides can only meet 65% of the agricultural demand. The Millennium tires can only meet 37%. Many fine chemical products cannot even be produced domestically. In stark contrast to the serious shortage of production capacity in the Chinese mainland, the production capacity of the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan in China is seriously overdone.
Under this situation, in order to achieve the “Japan’s Kyoto Protocol†emission reduction targets, chemical companies in developed countries will explore their own energy-saving potential and upgrade or upgrade their technologies. On the other hand, it will develop, (1) the state will make direct investment, increase the profits of enterprises through direct foreign investment, and make up for the losses caused by the restrictions in the country, which will make the manufacturing and the industry international. This trend will objectively promote the transfer of advanced foreign technologies and equipment to the country, and will also help improve the product structure of the industry. However, there is one point that needs to be given enough attention. The developed countries will transfer carbon-intensive products and high-energy-consuming projects to China. If we transfer the production process equipment but do not consider the introduction of advanced environmental pollution control equipment, etc., it will lead to a significant increase in the corresponding pollutant emissions. Therefore, China's chemical industry should be cautiously selected when introducing foreign equipment and technologies. It must consider the long-term development plan of the industry and the national development plan to consider comprehensively, in order to achieve adjustments to the structure and product structure of the chemical industry, accelerate the development of the chemical industry, and improve the chemical industry. At the same time as industrial technology, efforts should be made to reduce the growth rate of total greenhouse gas emissions.
Seize the opportunity to introduce capital and technology
In general, the issue of climate change will further promote the technological level of China's chemical industry, especially the level of energy utilization technology. The entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol sent a market signal to Chinese companies. The greenhouse gas emission space in the atmosphere is no longer a free public resource. International cooperation in the participation of developing country companies in greenhouse gas emission reduction can also bring economic benefits. Since the incremental cost of emission reduction in developed countries is 5 to 20 times higher than that of developing countries, developed countries are willing to implement emission reduction projects (CDM) in developing countries that do not have emission reduction responsibilities through capital assistance and technology transfer. This rewards low-cost emission reductions that help fulfill emission reduction obligations while also helping developing countries achieve sustainable development. As a large developing country with a vibrant economy, China is considered to have many favorable conditions for implementing CDM projects, such as strong technological capabilities, low national risks, and relatively easy access to project investments. Chemical companies should seize the current opportune time for international capital to invest in China. Carry out CDM projects as much as possible to improve the level of production technology. According to the World Bank's findings, China will occupy nearly 50% of the entire CDM market share. For our country, we should adopt an active CDM policy, seize the current favorable opportunity, and cooperate with developed countries to obtain technical and financial support for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Change the growth mode to promote technological progress
Scientific and technological advancement and technological innovation are effective ways of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and improving the adaptability of climate change. The international community has only made breakthroughs in technology, and has been effectively transferred and widely used on a global scale in order to fundamentally resolve climate change. Warm problem. In the “Energy Conservation Medium and Long Term Special Plan†launched by the National Development and Reform Commission at the end of 2004, clear requirements have been put forward for the development, demonstration and promotion of the petrochemical industry. It is hoped that the petrochemical companies can respond to climate change mitigation. Technologies such as energy conservation, carbon absorption and utilization are highly valued. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, China's chemical industry must adhere to saving energy first, change China's economic growth mode, unswervingly follow the path of a new type of industrialization, and improve the design and manufacture of chemical products in accordance with the concept of developing a recycling economy. Advance the application of advanced energy-saving technology and promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the chemical industry. In the process of deepening reforms, rationally turning chemical companies into resource-conserving and eco-friendly enterprises will generate more material wealth with less energy and resource consumption. To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the harmonious development of mankind and nature. This is also an inherent requirement for the chemical industry to ensure energy supply, promote technological progress, and increase economic efficiency. In this regard, the petroleum and chemical industries have great potential to tap.