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In current CNC lathes, there are generally two machining methods for thread cutting: the G32 in-line cutting method and the G76 oblique-inching method. Due to different cutting methods and different programming methods, machining errors are also different. We must carefully analyze the operation and use, and strive to produce high-precision parts.
Programming instructions for both machining methods
G32 X(U)_Z(W)_F_;
Note: X and Z are used for absolute programming; U and W are used for relative programming; F is the pitch;
G32 programming cutting depth distribution method is generally a constant value, double-edged cutting, each cutting depth is generally programmed by the programmer.
G76P(m)(r)(a) Q(â–³dmin)R(d);
G76X (U) Z (w) R (i) P (k) Q (â–³ d) F (l);
Explanation:
m: repeat number of finishing;
r: chamfer width;
a: knife angle;
â–³dmin: minimum depth of cut, when each cutting depth (Δd·n1â„2-Δd·(n-1)1â„2) is less than â–³dmin, the depth of cut is limited to this value;
d: finishing allowance;
i: The difference of the thread part's radius, if i=0, it is a straight thread cutting method;
k: thread height;
â–³d: cutting depth of the first cutting;
l: pitch.
G76 programming cutting depth distribution method is generally a degressive type, the cutting is a single-edge cutting, the cutting depth is calculated by the control system.
Processing error analysis and use
In the G32 in-line cutting method, both cutting edges are easily worn due to the fact that the two sides of the cutting edge work simultaneously and the cutting force is large and the cutting is difficult. When cutting a thread with a large pitch, the cutting edge wears quickly due to a large depth of cut, resulting in an error in the diameter of the thread. However, since the precision of the tooth shape is high, it is generally used for small-pitch thread processing. Because the cutting movement of the tool is done by programming, the machining procedure is long; because the cutting edge is easy to wear, the measurement must be done during processing.
G76 oblique cutting method, because of the single-sided edge processing, the machining blade is easy to damage and wear, so that the thread surface is not straight, the tool angle changes, resulting in poor tooth accuracy. However, due to its single-edge operation, the tool load is small, chip evacuation is easy, and the depth of cut is decremental. Therefore, this processing method is generally applicable to large-pitch thread processing. Due to the ease of chip evacuation in this processing method, the cutting edge working condition is better, and the machining method is more convenient in the case where the accuracy of the thread is not high. In the machining of high-precision threads, two-pass machining can be used. The G76 machining method is used for the roughing, and the G32 finishing method is used. However, it should be noted that the starting point of the tool must be accurate, otherwise it is easy to buckle and cause parts to be scrapped.
When cutting fluids use turning threads, proper use of cutting fluid can increase productivity and parts quality. The main effects of cutting fluids are as follows:
It can reduce the heat generated during cutting and reduce the machining error caused by temperature rise.
Can form a thin film on the metal surface to reduce the friction between the tool and the workpiece, and can wash away the iron, thus reducing the workpiece surface roughness value, reduce tool wear.
The cutting fluid enters the metal gap and helps the tool to cut smoothly.
According to the above effects, our company has adopted many experiments and adopted the "microemulsified cutting fluid CCF-10" produced by "Talent Chemical Co., Ltd.". This cutting fluid is a new generation of water-based cutting fluids following emulsions and synthetic cutting fluids. It overcomes the defects of emulsion deterioration, poor cleaning performance, and synthetic fluids eroding machine tool finishes and poor lubricating properties. Good lubrication, cooling, cleaning, anti-rust properties. Compared with other cutting fluids, it has the effects of improving the processing efficiency, reducing the power consumption, prolonging the tool life, and improving the surface finish of the machine parts.
Programming examples such as machining M36X1.5 thread, as shown in Figure 3, programmed with G32 in-line cutting (0.2mm per cutting depth):
N10 G00 Z234
N2O G00 X35.6
N30 G32 Z269 F1.5
N40 G00 X38
N50 G00 Z234
N60 G00 X35.2
N70 G32 Z269 F1.5
N80 G00 X38
N90 G00 Z234
N100 G00 X34.8
N110 G32 Z269 F1.5
N120 G00 X38
N130 G00 Z234
N140 G00 X34.38
N150 G32 Z269 F1.5
N160 G00 X300
N170 G0
0 Z300
G76 oblique cutting programming:
G76 P010160 Q200 R0.05
G76 X34.38 Z269 P812 Q200 F1.5
Explanation:
The minimum depth of cut is 0.02mm.
The first depth of cut is 0.02mm.
The thread height is 0.812mm.
From the above example, the difference between G32 programming and G76 programming can be clearly seen. In the work, it depends on the accuracy of the workpiece requirements.
Programming instructions for both machining methods
G32 X(U)_Z(W)_F_;
Note: X and Z are used for absolute programming; U and W are used for relative programming; F is the pitch;
G32 programming cutting depth distribution method is generally a constant value, double-edged cutting, each cutting depth is generally programmed by the programmer.
G76P(m)(r)(a) Q(â–³dmin)R(d);
G76X (U) Z (w) R (i) P (k) Q (â–³ d) F (l);
Explanation:
m: repeat number of finishing;
r: chamfer width;
a: knife angle;
â–³dmin: minimum depth of cut, when each cutting depth (Δd·n1â„2-Δd·(n-1)1â„2) is less than â–³dmin, the depth of cut is limited to this value;
d: finishing allowance;
i: The difference of the thread part's radius, if i=0, it is a straight thread cutting method;
k: thread height;
â–³d: cutting depth of the first cutting;
l: pitch.
G76 programming cutting depth distribution method is generally a degressive type, the cutting is a single-edge cutting, the cutting depth is calculated by the control system.
Processing error analysis and use
In the G32 in-line cutting method, both cutting edges are easily worn due to the fact that the two sides of the cutting edge work simultaneously and the cutting force is large and the cutting is difficult. When cutting a thread with a large pitch, the cutting edge wears quickly due to a large depth of cut, resulting in an error in the diameter of the thread. However, since the precision of the tooth shape is high, it is generally used for small-pitch thread processing. Because the cutting movement of the tool is done by programming, the machining procedure is long; because the cutting edge is easy to wear, the measurement must be done during processing.
G76 oblique cutting method, because of the single-sided edge processing, the machining blade is easy to damage and wear, so that the thread surface is not straight, the tool angle changes, resulting in poor tooth accuracy. However, due to its single-edge operation, the tool load is small, chip evacuation is easy, and the depth of cut is decremental. Therefore, this processing method is generally applicable to large-pitch thread processing. Due to the ease of chip evacuation in this processing method, the cutting edge working condition is better, and the machining method is more convenient in the case where the accuracy of the thread is not high. In the machining of high-precision threads, two-pass machining can be used. The G76 machining method is used for the roughing, and the G32 finishing method is used. However, it should be noted that the starting point of the tool must be accurate, otherwise it is easy to buckle and cause parts to be scrapped.
When cutting fluids use turning threads, proper use of cutting fluid can increase productivity and parts quality. The main effects of cutting fluids are as follows:
It can reduce the heat generated during cutting and reduce the machining error caused by temperature rise.
Can form a thin film on the metal surface to reduce the friction between the tool and the workpiece, and can wash away the iron, thus reducing the workpiece surface roughness value, reduce tool wear.
The cutting fluid enters the metal gap and helps the tool to cut smoothly.
According to the above effects, our company has adopted many experiments and adopted the "microemulsified cutting fluid CCF-10" produced by "Talent Chemical Co., Ltd.". This cutting fluid is a new generation of water-based cutting fluids following emulsions and synthetic cutting fluids. It overcomes the defects of emulsion deterioration, poor cleaning performance, and synthetic fluids eroding machine tool finishes and poor lubricating properties. Good lubrication, cooling, cleaning, anti-rust properties. Compared with other cutting fluids, it has the effects of improving the processing efficiency, reducing the power consumption, prolonging the tool life, and improving the surface finish of the machine parts.
Programming examples such as machining M36X1.5 thread, as shown in Figure 3, programmed with G32 in-line cutting (0.2mm per cutting depth):
N10 G00 Z234
N2O G00 X35.6
N30 G32 Z269 F1.5
N40 G00 X38
N50 G00 Z234
N60 G00 X35.2
N70 G32 Z269 F1.5
N80 G00 X38
N90 G00 Z234
N100 G00 X34.8
N110 G32 Z269 F1.5
N120 G00 X38
N130 G00 Z234
N140 G00 X34.38
N150 G32 Z269 F1.5
N160 G00 X300
N170 G0
0 Z300
G76 oblique cutting programming:
G76 P010160 Q200 R0.05
G76 X34.38 Z269 P812 Q200 F1.5
Explanation:
The minimum depth of cut is 0.02mm.
The first depth of cut is 0.02mm.
The thread height is 0.812mm.
From the above example, the difference between G32 programming and G76 programming can be clearly seen. In the work, it depends on the accuracy of the workpiece requirements.
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