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The masterbatch was prepared in a mixer using standard mixing methods. The required amount of fiber is added to the size and the fiber is dispersed with sufficient time and torque. The vulcanizing agent was added to the two-roll mill and the direction of the kneading was kept constant so that the fibers were uniformly oriented to the maximum extent. The sample film was then cut and vulcanized to t 90 at 160 moldings. Processability The processing properties and vulcanization properties of the compounds were measured using a Mooney viscometer (MV2000E type) and a rotorless vulcanizer (M DR2000EA type), respectively. The vulcanizate stress/strain properties were measured according to the ISO 37 method using a 1445 Zwick universal testing machine. Other physical properties test methods are as follows. Hardness: ISO 48. Tear strength (arc specimen, 1 mm cut): ISO 34: 1994.DIN Abrasion: DIN 53516.
The damage fatigue resistance was measured using a Monsanto-to-damage fatigue tester at a constant energy deformation of 3.510 5 kJ m -3 . The cutting and chipping resistance tester was used to monitor the cutting and chipping resistance. After 2 days aging at 100, the test was conducted at a tire running temperature (70). Dynamic mechanical tests were performed on a Metravib viscometer with the following conditions: 60,15 Hz, 1% DSA.
Optimized size reduction for the black carbon black by using the method reported by Ellis and Welding. Formulation Component Ingredient 1 Formula 6 Formula 7 Formula 8 Formula 9 NR (SMR CV) 80 BR (Buna CB10) 20 T OR Vestena mer 8012 2 5 Carbon black N375 40 38 Carbon black N660 5 Aromatic oil 8 Zinc oxide 4 Stearic acid 2 Antioxidant 6PPD 2 MPIA CF ( 3 mm) 0 1 0 DCF ( 3 mm) 0 1 0 PP/ ODPTA CF ( 3 mm) 0 1 0 DCF (3 mm) 0 1 Accelerator NS 0. 7 Sulfur 2. 3 Note: Same.
The swell in benzene illustrates the structure of the vulcanizate. Using the formula introduced in the literature, the obtained V r value is converted into the Mennifold forest elastic constant (C 1 ), and finally converted to chemical bond concentration. The ratios of single, double and polysulfide bonds were determined using methods reported in other literatures.
Indoor and fleet tests Indoor tests were performed on tires retreaded with test tread rubber containing PP/ODPTA (Technora) DCF fibers. As described above, 3.5 parts PP/ODPTA was added to the rubber formulation. A second series of retreaded tires was also prepared using the comparative tread rubber.
Newly purchased tires are the Michelin XZA 295/R22. 5. Heat generation, durability and rolling resistance were measured at a well-known tire company. Rolling resistance and heat generation tests were performed on test drums with a diameter of 1.71 m.
287 RN Dat ta with aromatic polyamide fiber to improve load-bearing tire's resistance to chipping. Rolling resistance is based on the tire's speed of 40, 60, 80 and 100 km at 50% of rated load. Power consumption measured at h - 1 was measured. Heat generation studies were conducted at 80% of rated load and 110 km h -1 speed. The temperature was measured by inserting the pyrometer probe into the shoulder (4 points) and the 6 predetermined points in the base groove of the central groove tread.
After measuring the thermal performance at a speed of 110 km h − 1 , a durability test up to failure was performed directly at 80% of rated load and 110 km h −1 speed.
The tires were mounted on a 10-wheel dump truck for team trials.
The driving wheel position of each dump truck is equipped with 2 comparative tires and 2 test tires. Fleet tests are performed on vehicles that are mainly used for long-distance transport on main roads. The trial was conducted from February until November.
The depth of the tread pattern was measured with vernier calipers in the two centers and in the outer grooves. Record the wear rate of all tires.
Results and Discussion Effects of Addition of MPIA and PP/ODPTA As expected, the addition of MPIA or PP/ODPTA (whether chopped fibers or impregnated staple fibers) increased the maximum torque and also burned at the target, curing time, or Mooney viscosity. No adverse effects. Processing performance and vulcanometer data are shown.
Processing Performance and Vulcanometer Data Item Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Formulation 3 Formulation 4 Formulation 5 Mooney Viscosity 47 48 46 48 Vulcanometer Data (160) ML / (dN m) 1. 9 1. 8 2. 0 MH / (dN m ) 15. 4 16. 4 16. 7 16. 9 17. 1 t s2 / m in 3. 2 3. 5 3. 4 3. 6 3. 5 t 90 / min 7. 0 7. 3 7. 2 7 The addition of short fibres in the formulation of typical load-bearing tire treads (see ) improves the hardness and the settling stress of the compound without having a significant influence on the tensile and tear properties. The relevant data is shown showing the effect of short fibers on the rubber tear strength and wear resistance. It can be seen that the addition of short fibers has a slight positive effect on the abrasion resistance.
Short fibers have a significant effect on improving the heat-generating properties of the rubber compound.
Both MPIA (Conex) and PP/ODPTA (Technora) improved the dynamic flexing heat performance of the compounds, the data are shown in.
Physical properties of different compounds Item Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula 4 Formula 5 IRH D Hardness/degree 64 70 68 50% Tensile Stress/MPa 1. 1 3. 4 4. 2 3. 8 4. 2 100% setting Tensile stress / MPa 2. 0 3. 9 4. 4 4. 1 4. 4 Tensile strength / MPa 24. 5 23. 0 23. 2 23. 7 Tensile elongation at break /% 570 520 500 510 495 Note: The vulcanization condition is 160! t 90. Effect of staple fiber on tear strength and abrasion resistance of rubber 1 Tear strength; 2 DIN abrasion. 100 Lower Fuchs Heat Generation Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula 4 Formula 5 Temperature Rise / 82 57 49 56 53 Permanent Deformation / % 31 24 17 24 19 Note: Test conditions are 11 kg load, stroke 4. 45 mm , time 2 h.
Replacing Partial Carbon Black with Aromatic Polyamide Staple Fibers Optimizes Deflection Stress/Hardness Generally, reducing the amount of carbon black reduces the hardness and the settling stress simultaneously, and the wear and strength properties of the carbon black will decrease when the amount of carbon black is reduced to a certain critical value. have negative impacts. As previously mentioned, the addition of aromatic polyamide staple fiber increases both the settling stress and the hardness, thus having a positive influence on the wear resistance. It is difficult to compare the various systems with different settling stress and hardness. Therefore, our goal is to replace part of the carbon black with short fibers so that the hardness and the settling stress remain unchanged, thereby effectively comparing the dynamic performance.
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