Optical translator links sound waves, light waves and radio waves

The acoustic waveguide guides the phonon into the optical mechanical cavity, allowing the team to directly manipulate the motion of the suspended nanowire.

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a "piezo-optic loop" that converts signals between light, sound and radio waves. Systems designed based on this move and store information in the next generation of computers.

The team's work was published in Nature Photonics and was also presented at the American Institute of Physics meeting in March 2016 in Baltimore, Maryland.

Moore's Law-a theory that sees the number of transistors in integrated circuits to double every two years-has proven to be very realistic, so engineers will soon start to experience fundamental limits. As the transistor decreases, heat and other factors will begin to amplify the effect in the circuit. As a result, researchers are increasingly considering designs in which electronic components are connected to other physical systems that carry information, such as light and sound. If researchers could develop effective ways to switch signals from one type to another (transduction), connecting these different types of physical systems would bypass some of the problems that occur only in those that depend only on one type of information Problems with the components of the carrier.

For example, light can carry a large amount of information and usually does not interact very strongly with its environment, so it does not heat the element like a current. However, while light is useful, it is not suitable for all situations. Light is hard to store for a long time and it can not interact directly with some components in the loop. Acoustic devices, on the other hand, have been used in wireless communication technology where sound is more easily stored for long periods in a compact structure because it moves much more slowly.

To meet these needs, NIST researchers and their collaborators built a piezo-electric circuit on a single chip. At the heart of this circuit is an optical mechanical cavity, which in this case consists of a suspended nanowire. Inside the beam there are a series of small holes that look like light (photons) to a hall full of mirrors. Photons with very specific colors or frequencies will be reflected back and forth thousands of times back and forth between these mirrors before they leak out. At the same time, the nanowire limits the frequency to phonons at billions of cycles per second (GHz), ie mechanical vibrations. These photons and phonons exchange energy in the cavity, so that the vibration of the beam affects the accumulation of photons in the cavity, and the accumulation of photons in the cavity affects the magnitude of the mechanical vibration. The strength of this interaction or coupling is the largest reported in the light system.

One of the researchers' major innovations comes from the connection of this cavity to an acoustic waveguide, which is the device that directs the acoustic wave to a specific location. By guiding the phonons through the acoustic waveguide into the optomechanical device, the team is able to directly manipulate the motion of the suspended nanowire. Phonons can change the characteristics of light trapped in the device due to energy exchange. In order to produce sound waves at these GHz frequencies (far above the frequency of audible sounds, even your dog can not hear them), they use piezoelectric materials - in this material, when a voltage is applied It will deform along with it and vice versa. By using a structure known as an "interdigital transducer" (IDT) that enhances this piezoelectric effect, the team was able to establish the link between electromagnetic and radio waves at radio frequency. This powerful optical connection enabled them to optically detect the confined coherent sound energy at a level of a phonon.

By competing electrically generated and optically generated phonons, they also observed a controlled interference effect in sound waves. According to Kartik Srinivasan, one of the authors of this paper, the device may make it possible to study these interactions in detail and to develop phonon loops that can be photon-modified.

"To perform different tasks in the best possible way, future information processing systems may need to include other information carriers such as photons and phonons," said Srinivasan, a physicist at the NIST Center for Nanoscience and Technology. "This work presents a platform for transducing information between these different vectors.

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